I. Inguquko Elawulayo ye-FERC 2222 & V2G
I-Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 2222, eyasungulwa ngo-2020, yaguqula ukubamba iqhaza kwensiza yamandla esabalalisiwe (DER) ezimakethe zikagesi. Lo mthetho wokulawula oyingqopha-mlando ugunyaza i-Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) kanye ne-Independent System Operators (ISOs) ukuthi zinikeze ukufinyelela kwemakethe kuma-aggregator e-DER, ahlanganise ngokusemthethweni ubuchwepheshe be-Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) ezinhlelweni zokuhweba ngogesi omkhulu okokuqala ngqa.
- Ngokuvumelana nedatha ye-PJM Interconnection, abahlanganisi be-V2G bathole imali engenayo engu-$32/MWh kusukela kumasevisi okulawula imvamisa ngo-2024, emele i-premium engu-18% ngaphezu kwezinsiza ezivamile zokukhiqiza. Ukuphumelela okubalulekile kuhlanganisa:I-Threshold Yamandla Asusiwe: Usayizi omncane wokubamba iqhaza wehlisiwe ukusuka ku-2MW ukuya ku-100kW (usebenza ku-80% wamaqoqo e-V2G)
- Ukuhweba Kwe-Cross-Node: Ivumela amasu wokushaja/wokukhipha athuthukisiwe kuzo zonke izindawo zentengo
- Ukubhaliswa Kobunikazi Okubili: Ama-EV angabhalisa njengokubili imithwalo nezinsiza zokukhiqiza
II. Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zokwabiwa Kwemali Engenayo ye-V2G
1. Imali Engenayo Yesevisi Yezimakethe
• I-Frequency Regulation (FRM): Ibalelwa ku-55-70% wesamba semali engenayo ye-V2G, edinga ukunemba okungu-±0.015Hz ezimakethe ze-CAISO
• Izikweletu Zekhono: I-NYISO ikhokha u-$45/kW-ngonyaka ngokutholakala kwe-V2G
• I-Energy Arbitrage: Isebenzisa ukuhluka kwamanani esikhathi sokusebenzisa ($0.28/kWh ukusabalala kwe-valley-valley ephezulu ngo-PJM 2024)
2. Izindlela Zokwabiwa Kwezindleko
3. Amathuluzi Okulawula Ubungozi
• Amalungelo Okudluliselwa Kwezimali (ama-FTR): Khiyela imali engenayo yokuminyana
• Okuphuma kokunye kwesimo sezulu: Ukushintshashintsha kokusebenza kahle kwebhethri phakathi namazinga okushisa adlulele
• I-Blockchain Smart Contracts: Nika amandla ukukhokhela isikhathi sangempela ezimakethe ze-ERCOT
III. Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhathaniswayo Kwamamodeli Wemali Engenayo
Imodeli 1: I-Fixed Split
• Isimo: Iziqalisi/ama-opharetha emikhumbi
• I-Case Study: Electrify America & Amazon Logistics (85/15 ukuhlukaniswa komnikazi/umnikazi)
• Umkhawulo: Awuzweli ukuguquguquka kwentengo yemakethe
Imodeli 2: Isabelo Esinamandla
• Ifomula:
Imali Engenayo Yomnikazi = α×Inani Lendawo + β× Inkokhelo Yekhono - γ×Izindleko Zokuwohloka (α=0.65, β=0.3, γ=0.05 isilinganiso somkhakha)• Inzuzo: Iyadingeka ngoxhaso lukahulumeni lohlelo lwe-NEVI
Imodeli 3: Imodeli Esekelwe Ngokulingana
• Okusunguliwe:
• I-Ford Pro Charging ikhipha izitifiketi zokubamba iqhaza kwemali engenayo
• 0.0015% ukulingana kwephrojekthi ngokuphuma kwe-MWh ngayinye
IV. Izinselele Zokuthobelana Nezixazululo
1. Izidingo zokubonisa ngale kwedatha
• Umhlangano wesikhathi sangempela we-telemetry amazinga we-NERC CIP-014 (≥0.2Hz isampula)
• Izindlela zokuhlola kusetshenziswa izixazululo ze-blockchain ezigunyazwe yi-FERC-717
2. Ukuvimbela Ukuphathwa Kwemakethe
• Ama-algorithms okuhweba okulwa nokugeza athola amaphethini angajwayelekile
• Imikhawulo yendawo engu-200MW isihlanganisi ngasinye ku-NYISO
3. Okubalulekile Kwesivumelwano Somsebenzisi
• Okungaphandle kwewaranti yebhethri (>300 imijikelezo yonyaka)
• Amalungelo okukhipha ayisibopho ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo (ukuthobela umthetho othize)
V. Izifundo Zezimboni
Icala 1: Iphrojekthi Yesifunda Sesikole SaseCalifornia
• Ukumiswa: amabhasi kagesi angama-50 (i-Lion Electric) anesitoreji esingu-6MWh
• Ukusakazwa kwemali engenayo:
ο 82% i-CAISO frequency regulation
I-13% ye-SGIP yokukhuthaza
ο 5% ukonga kwebhili yezinsiza
• Ukuhlukana: 70% wesifunda / 30% opharetha
Icala 2: I-Tesla Virtual Power Plant 3.0
• Okusunguliwe:
ο Ihlanganisa amabhethri e-Powerwall ne-EV
ο Ukuthuthukisa isitoreji esinamandla (7:3 isilinganiso sasekhaya/imoto)
ο 2024 Ukusebenza: $1,280 ngonyaka/umholo womsebenzisi
VI. Amathrendi Nezibikezelo Zekusasa
I-Standard Evolution:
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-SAE J3072 (500kW+ ukushaja kabili)
I-IEEE 1547-2028 izivumelwano zokucindezelwa kwe-harmonic
Ukuqanjwa Kwemodeli Yebhizinisi:
Izaphulelo zomshwalense ezisuselwe ekusetshenzisweni (Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo)
Ukwenza imali ngekhabhoni (0.15t CO2e/MWh ngaphansi kwe-WCI)
Ukuthuthukiswa Kokulawula:
Iziteshi ze-V2G ezigunyazwe yi-FERC (kulindeleke ngo-2026)
I-NERC PRC-026-3 uhlaka lwe-cybersecurity
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-12-2025