Inguquko yomhlaba wonke ebheke ezimotweni zikagesi (EVs) ithole umfutho obalulekile kule minyaka embalwa edlule. Njengoba ohulumeni befuna izixazululo zezinto zokuhamba eziluhlaza futhi abathengi baya ngokuya besebenzisa izimoto ezilungele imvelo, isidingo sazoamashaja e-EV ezentengisoiye yanda. Ukufakwa kukagesi kwezokuthutha akuseyona inkambiso kodwa kuyisidingo, futhi amabhizinisi anethuba eliyingqayizivele lokubamba iqhaza kulolu shintsho ngokunikeza ingqalasizinda yokushaja enokwethenjelwa.
Ngo-2023, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi izimoto zikagesi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 zazisemigwaqweni emhlabeni wonke, futhi lesi sibalo kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubeke sikhuphuka kakhulu. Ukusekela lolu shintsho, ukunwetshwa kweiziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezithengiswayokubalulekile. Lezi ziteshi azibalulekile kuphela ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abanikazi be-EV bangakwazi ukushaja izimoto zabo kodwa futhi nokudala inethiwekhi yokushaja eqinile, efinyelelekayo, nesimeme esiza ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezimoto zikagesi. Noma ngabe iku-aisiteshi sokushaja ezentengiselwanoenxanxatheleni yezitolo noma esakhiweni samahhovisi, amashaja e-EV manje asewumsebenzi okufanele ube nawo emabhizinisini afuna ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabathengi banamuhla abakhathalela imvelo.
Kulo mhlahlandlela, sizohlinzeka ngokubheka okujulileamashaja e-EV ezentengiso, ukusiza amabhizinisi aqonde izinhlobo ezahlukene zamashaja atholakalayo.
Indlela Yokukhetha: Uhlu Lokuhlola Lwesinqumo Seshaja Yezentengiso ye-EV
Sebenzisa lolu hlu lokuhlola ukuze wazise ukukhetha kwakho:
A. Sebenzisa Ikesi nesikhathi sokuhlala:(isb., Ukuthenga Okudayisa - amahora angu-1-2 -> Amandla Aphezulu Weleveli 2).
B. Ukutholakala Kokupaka:(isb, i-Fleet Depot -> Izinga 2 noma i-DCFC esekelwe ekushintsheni).
C. Amandla Kagesi:(Ingabe isevisi ekhona iyasisekela isidingo esisha? Lesi yisici esiyinhloko sezindleko.)
D. Inenethiwekhi/Ayixhunyiwe:(Ingabe udinga ukucutshungulwa kwenkokhelo noma ukuqapha okukude?)
Okuqukethwe
1. Yiziphi Izindawo Ezikahle Zokufaka Isiteshi sokushaja se-EV?
Impumelelo aishaja ye-EV yezentengisoukufakwa kuncike kakhulu endaweni yayo. Ukufaka iziteshi zokushaja ezindaweni ezifanele kuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kanye ne-ROI. Amabhizinisi adinga ukuhlola ngokucophelela impahla yawo, ukuziphatha kwamakhasimende, namaphethini wethrafikhi ukuze anqume ukuthi azofaka kuphiiziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezithengiswayo.
1.1 Izifunda Zezohwebo kanye Nezikhungo Zokuthenga
Izifunda Commercialfuthiizikhungo zokuthengaziphakathi kwezindawo ezifanele kakhuluiziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezithengiswayo. Lezi zindawo ezinethrafikhi ephezulu ziheha izivakashi eziningi ezingahle zichithe isikhathi esibalulekile endaweni—okuzenze zibe amakhandidethi aphelele okushaja i-EV.
Abanikazi be-EV bazokujabulela ukutholakala kalula kokushaja izimoto zabo lapho bethenga, bedla, noma benza imisebenzi ethile.Iziteshi zokushaja izimoto zezentengiselwanokulezi zindawo zinikeza amabhizinisi ithuba elihle kakhulu lokuzihlukanisa nezimbangi. Abagcini nje ngokuheha amakhasimende aqaphela imvelo, kodwa futhi basiza amabhizinisi akhe iziqinisekiso zawo zokusimama. Ukwengeza, iziteshi zokushaja zingenileukufakwa kwamaphuzu okushaja imoto kagesi okudayisaezikhungweni zezitolo zingangenisa imali eyengeziwe ngokusebenzisa amamodeli okukhokha ngakunye noma izinhlelo zobulungu.
1.2 Izindawo zokusebenza
Ngenani elikhulayo leabanikazi bezimoto zikagesi, ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo zokushaja kwe-EV kuizindawo zokusebenzakuwumnyakazo wamasu wamabhizinisi abheke ukuheha nokugcina ithalente. Izisebenzi ezishayela izimoto zikagesi zizohlomula ngokufinyelelaamashaja emoto kagesi ezentengiselwanongezikhathi zokusebenza, ukunciphisa isidingo sokuthi bathembele ekushajelweni kwasekhaya.
Okwamabhizinisi,ukufakwa kweshaja ye-EV yezentengisoemsebenzini kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukwaneliseka nokwethembeka kwabasebenzi, kuyilapho futhi kube neqhaza ezinhlosweni zokusimama kwebhizinisi. Kuyindlela yokucabanga phambili yokukhombisa abasebenzi ukuthi inkampani isekela inguquko yokuhlanza amandla.
1.3 Izakhiwo zamafulethi
Njengoba abantu abaningi beshintshela ezimotweni zikagesi, amafulethi kanye nezindlu zemindeni eminingi zingaphansi kwengcindezi eyandayo yokuhlinzeka ngezixazululo zokushaja kubahlali bazo. Ngokungafani nemizi yomndeni owodwa,abahlala emafulethiningokuvamile abakwazi ukufinyelela ukushaja ekhaya, ukwenzaamashaja e-EV ezentengisoisici esidingekayo ezakhiweni zokuhlala zanamuhla.
Ukuhlinzekaukufakwa kwamaphuzu okushaja imoto kagesi okudayisaezakhiweni zamafulethi zingenza izakhiwo zihehe kakhudlwana kubaqashi abangase babe, ikakhulukazi labo abangabanikazi noma abahlela ukuthenga imoto kagesi. Kwezinye izimo, kungase futhi kukhuphule amanani ezakhiwo, njengoba izakhamuzi eziningi zizobeka kuqala amakhaya anengqalasizinda yokushaja i-EV.
1.4 Amaphuzu Osizo Lwendawo
Izindawo zesevisi yendawo, njengamagalaji kaphethiloli, izitolo, kanyeizindawo zokudlela, izindawo ezinhle zeiziteshi zokushaja ze-EV zezentengiselwano. Lezi zindawo ngokuvamile zibona amanani ethrafikhi aphezulu, futhi abanikazi be-EV bangashaja izimoto zabo ngenkathi bemi ukuze bathole uphethiloli, ukudla, noma amasevisi asheshayo.
1.5 Umthombo wedatha namaphethini okusetshenziswa
Ngokusho kweUmnyango Wezamandla wase-US (i-DOE) Isikhungo Sedatha Yezibaseli Ezihlukile (AFDC), isilinganiso sokusebenzisa isilinganiso seshaja yomphakathi Yezinga 2 ngokuvamile siphansi (cishe u-5-10%), kodwa lena imethrikhi ebalulekile yokulinganisa i-ROI.
Ngokungezaiziteshi zokushaja izimoto ezithengiswayoezindaweni zesevisi yendawo, amabhizinisi angabhekelela izethameli eziningi futhi ahlukanise imithombo yawo yemali engenayo. Ingqalasizinda yokushaja iya ngokuya ibalulekile emiphakathini, ikakhulukazi njengoba abantu abaningi bethembele ezimotweni zikagesi uma behamba amabanga amade.
2. Zikhethwa Kanjani Iziteshi Zokushaja Izimoto zikagesi Wezentengiso?
Lapho ukhetha i-aishaja ye-EV yezentengiso, izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isiteshi sihlangabezana kokubili nezidingo zebhizinisi nezabasebenzisi be-EV. Ukuqonda izinhlobo zeziteshi zokushaja nezici zazo ezibalulekile ukuze wenze isinqumo esinolwazi.
2.1 Iziteshi zokushaja ezisezingeni loku-1
Iziteshi zokushaja ezisezingeni 1kukhona inketho elula futhi engabizi kakhuluamashaja ezimoto zikagesi ezentengiselwano. Lawa mashaja asebenzisa i-outlet yasendlini evamile engu-120V futhi ngokuvamile ashaja i-EV ngenani lamamayela angu-2-5 webanga ngehora.Amashaja ezinga 1zilungele izindawo lapho ama-EV azopaka isikhathi eside, njengezindawo zokusebenza noma izakhiwo zokuhlala.
NgenkathiIziteshi zokushaja ezisezingeni 1azibizi ukuzifaka, zihamba kancane kunezinye izinketho, futhi zingase zingafaneli izindawo ezinethrafikhi ephezulu lapho abanikazi be-EV badinga ukukhokhiswa okusheshayo.
2.2 Iziteshi Zokushaja Izimoto zikagesi Zezinga lesi-2
Amashaja ezinga lesi-2ziwuhlobo olujwayeleke kakhuluamashaja e-EV ezentengiso. Basebenzisa isekethe engu-240V futhi bangashaja imoto kagesi izikhathi ezi-4-6 ngokushesha kuneAmashaja ezinga 1. AIshaja ye-EV yezinga lesi-2 yezentengiso, esebenza ku-240V, ivamise ukuletha amandla avela6 kW (25A) to 19.2 kW (80A). Lokhu kuhumusha kusilinganiso15-60 miles ibanga ngehora. Inothi Lobuchwepheshe:Okokuthunyelwa kwezentengiso,Isigaba 625 se-NEC(Isistimu Yokudlulisa Amandla E-EV) kufanele ilandelwe kuzo zonke izidingo zezintambo nezedivayisi yokuvikela.
Emabhizinisini asezindaweni lapho amakhasimende engase ahlale khona isikhathi eside—njengezindawo zokuthenga, izakhiwo zamahhovisi, namafulethi—Amashaja ezinga lesi-2ziyisixazululo esisebenzayo nesingabizi kakhulu. Lawa mashaja ayinketho enhle kakhulu yamabhizinisi afuna ukuhlinzeka ngesevisi ethembekile neshesha kakhulu yokushaja kubanikazi be-EV.
2.3 Iziteshi Zokushaja Zezinga lesi-3 - Amashaja Asheshayo e-DC
2.4 I-Empical Case Study
Iklayenti lokudayisa eTexas lifakiweAmashaja angu-4 x 19.2kW Level 2. Isilinganiso sabo sezindleko zokufaka ichweba ngalinye sasi$8,500(ngaphambi kokukhuthazwa). Isifundo esibalulekile esifundiwe: baqale balithatha kancane ibanga lokugijima kwezintambo, obekudingeka kuthuthukiswe usayizi wepayipi, bandise ukusebenza kwemisele ngokuthi15%.
Iziteshi zokushaja ezisezingeni 3, obeye aziwe njengoAmashaja asheshayo e-DC, zinikeza izivinini zokushaja ezisheshayo, ezizenza zilungele izindawo ezinethrafikhi ephezulu lapho amakhasimende adinga ukushaja okusheshayo. Lezi ziteshi zisebenzisa umthombo wamandla we-480V DC futhi zingashaja i-EV ukuya ku-80% cishe imizuzu engama-30.
NgenkathiAmashaja ezinga lesi-3kubiza kakhulu ukuzifaka nokuyinakekela, zibalulekile ekusekeleni ukuhamba amabanga amade nokuphakela amakhasimende adinga ukushaja okusheshayo. Izindawo ezifana nezindawo zokuphumula zomgwaqo onguthelawayeka, izifunda zezentengiselwano ezimatasa, nezindawo zokuhamba zilungeleAmashaja asheshayo e-DC.
3. Amadili Esiteshi Sokushaja Imoto Kagesi Wezentengiso kanye Nezaphulelo e-US
E-US, kunezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene nezikhuthazo eziklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukufakwa kweiziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezithengiswayo. Lezi zivumelwano zisiza ukunciphisa izindleko eziphezulu zangaphambili futhi zenze kube lula ukuthi amabhizinisi atshale kungqalasizinda ye-EV.
3.1 Izikweletu Zentela Zikahulumeni Zamashaja Wezimoto zikagesi Wezentengiso
I-Federal Tax Credit (ITC - 30C): Icacisa Inqubomgomo Yamanje (Kuqala ngoJanuwari 1, 2023 - Disemba 31, 2032)- Amabhizinisi afaka amashaja e-EV entengiso angase afanelekeEnye Ikhredithi Yempahla Yokubasela Imoto Yezibaseli (Ifomu le-IRS 8911). Lokhu kunikeza kuzeU-30% wezindleko (ufinyelela ku-$100,000 indawo ngayinye), inqobo nje uma ukufakwa kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhona zamaholo nokufunda.
3.2 Izinhlelo Zefomula Yengqalasizinda Yemoto Kagesi Kazwelonke (NEVI).
Lolu hlelo, olulawulwa yi-Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), luyaba$5 billionukuze izwe lakhe inethiwekhi kazwelonke ye-DC Fast Charger eduze kwamaphaseji aqokiwe.Amabhizinisi kufanele afake izicelo ngehhovisi lawo lesifunda le-DOT.Ukuze uthole isimo sakamuva kanye nezidingo, bonaIsixhumanisi esisemthethweni sewebhusayithi ye-FHWA NEVI lapha.
Nge-NEVI, amabhizinisi angafaka isicelo soxhaso ukuze asize ukukhokhela izindleko zeukufakwa kweshaja ye-EV yezentengiso, okwenza kube lula ngabo ukufaka isandla ekukhuleni kwe-EV ecosystem.
4. Izindleko Zokufaka Isiteshi Sokushaja Imoto Kagesi Wezentengiso
Izindleko zokufakaiziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezithengiswayokuncike ezintweni ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lweshaja, indawo, nengqalasizinda kagesi ekhona.
4.1 Ingqalasizinda Yesiteshi Sokushaja Izimoto zikagesi Wezentengiso
Ingqalasizinda edingekayo ukuze kufakweamashaja e-EV ezentengisongokuvamile kuyisici esibiza kakhulu sephrojekthi. Amabhizinisi angase adinge ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zawo zikagesi, okuhlanganisa ama-transformer, ama-circuit breaker, nezintambo, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamandla kagesi.Izinga 2 or Amashaja asheshayo e-DC. Ukwengeza, amaphaneli kagesi angase adinge ukuthuthukiswa ukuze asingathe i-amperage ephezulu edingekayo kumashaja okuthengisa.
4.2 Ukufakwa kwesiteshi sokushaja imoto kagesi
Izindleko zeukufakwa kweshaja ye-EV yezentengisokuhlanganisa umsebenzi wokufaka amayunithi nanoma yiziphi izintambo ezidingekayo. Lokhu kungahluka kuye ngobunkimbinkimbi bendawo yokufaka. Ukufaka amashaja ekwakhiweni okusha noma ezakhiweni ezinengqalasizinda ekhona kungase kubize kancane kunokulungisa kabusha izakhiwo ezindala.
4.3 Iziteshi zokushaja zezimoto zikagesi ezinenethiwekhi
Amashaja anenethiwekhi anikeza amabhizinisi ikhono lokuqapha ukusetshenziswa, ukulandelela izinkokhelo, nokunakekela iziteshi ukude. Nakuba amasistimu enethiwekhi enezindleko eziphakeme zokufaka, anikeza idatha ebalulekile kanye nezinzuzo zokusebenza, okuwenza utshalomali olufanele lwamabhizinisi afuna ukunikeza ulwazi lokushaja olungenamthungo kumakhasimende.
4.4 Ukucatshangelwa Okubalulekile: Ukulawulwa Komthwalo kanye Nezindleko Zokudingeka
Kumasayithi okuthengisa, ukumane uthuthukise iphaneli akwanele. Amasistimu Okuphatha Umthwalo abalulekile ekusabalaliseni amandla ngokuphephile futhi ugweme Izindleko Ezimba eqolo ezivela enkampanini yensiza, ikakhulukazi kumaqoqo eyunithi Yezinga 2 noma DCFC. Lesi sinyathelo sokuhlela sidinga unjiniyela kagesi onelayisensi ukuthi enze Isibalo Somthwalo (nge-NEC ngayinye) ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale noma yimuphi umsebenzi womzimba.
4.5 Imodeli Yezindleko Zeshaja Yezohwebo Eyenziwe Lula (Ngokulinganisa Kwembobo ngayinye, Inzuzo Yangaphambili)
| Into | Ileveli 2 (Imbobo Eyodwa) | I-DCFC (50kW) |
|---|---|---|
| Izindleko Zezisetshenziswa | $2,000 - $6,000 | $25,000 - $40,000 |
| Ukuthuthukiswa Kogesi/Ingqalasizinda (I-Trenching, Conduits, Main Panel) | $3,000 - $10,000 | $40,000 - $100,000 |
| Ukufakwa Umsebenzi | $1,500 - $4,000 | $10,000 - $25,000 |
| Ingqikithi Yezindleko Ezilinganiselwe (Ububanzi) | $6,500 - $20,000 | $75,000 - $165,000 |
Yazi: Izindleko zengqalasizinda ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngebanga lokuxhumanisa insiza.
5. Iziteshi Zokushaja Izimoto zikagesi Zomphakathi
Ukufakwa nokugcinwa kweiziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezithengiswayozidinga ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iziteshi zihlala zisebenza futhi zifinyeleleka kubo bonke abanikazi be-EV.
5.1 Ukuhambisana Nesixhumi Sesiteshi Sokushaja Imoto Kagesi Wezentengiso
Amashaja e-EV ezentengisosebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezixhumi, okuhlanganisaI-SAE J1772okweAmashaja ezinga lesi-2, futhiCHAdeMO or I-CCSizixhumi zeAmashaja asheshayo e-DC. Kubalulekile ukuthi amabhizinisi afakweiziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ezithengiswayoezihambisana nezixhumi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ama-EV endaweni yawo.
5.2 Ukugcinwa Kwezindawo Zokushaja Izimoto zikagesi Wezentengiso
Ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile kubalulekile ukuze uqinisekise lokhoiziteshi zokushaja ze-EV zezentengiselwanozihlale zisebenza futhi zithembekile. Lokhu kubandakanya izibuyekezo zesofthiwe, ukuhlolwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, nezinkinga zokuxazulula izinkinga ezifana nokucisha ugesi noma izinkinga zokuxhuma. Amabhizinisi amaningi akhetha izinkontileka zesevisi ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi awaboamashaja e-EV ezentengisozigcinwa kahle futhi ziyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngenkonzo ethembekile kumakhasimende.
Njengoba izimoto zikagesi ziqhubeka nokuthandwa, isidingo seiziteshi zokushaja ze-EV zezentengiselwanokulindeleke ukuthi ikhuphuke kuphela. Ngokukhetha ngokucophelela indawo elungile, uhlobo lweshaja, nozakwethu bokufaka, amabhizinisi angakwazi ukusizakala ngesidingo esikhulayo sengqalasizinda ye-EV. Izibonelelo ezifana nekhredithi yentela yenhlangano kanye nohlelo lwe-NEVI lwenza ushintsho kuamashaja e-EV ezentengisoezingabizi kakhulu, kuyilapho ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi utshalomali lwakho luhlala lusebenza iminyaka ezayo.
Ukuthi ufuna ukufakaIzinga lezentengiso lamashaja e-EVendaweni yakho yokusebenza noma inethiwekhi yeAmashaja asheshayo e-DCenxanxatheleni yezitolo, ukutshala imali kuyoiziteshi zokushaja ze-EV zezentengiselwanokuyisinqumo esihlakaniphile samabhizinisi afuna ukuhlala ngaphambi kwejika. Ngolwazi olulungile nokuhlela, ungakha ingqalasizinda eshajayo engagcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zanamuhla kodwa futhi elungiselelwa uguquko lwe-EV lwakusasa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-03-2024