Ukuhlaziywa kanye nokubukeka kwemakethe ye-Electric Vehicle kanye ne-EV Charger eMelika

Ukuhlaziywa kanye nokubukeka kwemakethe ye-Electric Vehicle kanye ne-EV Charger eMelika
Yize lolu bhubhane seluhlasele izimboni eziningi, umkhakha wengqalasizinda yezimoto zikagesi kanye nokushaja kube yinto ehlukile. Ngisho nemakethe yaseMelika, engazange ibe ngumdlali ovelele emhlabeni wonke, isiqala ukukhuphuka.
Esibikezelweni semakethe yezimoto zikagesi yaseMelika ngo-2023, ibhulogi yezobuchwepheshe yase-US i-Techcrunch ithe uMthetho Wokunciphisa I-Inflation (IRA), owaphasiswa nguhulumeni wase-US ngo-Agasti, usuvele ube nomthelela omkhulu embonini yezimoto zikagesi, njengoba abakhiqizi bezimoto basebenzela ukunyakaza. izitolo zabo kanye nezimboni eziya e-United States.
Akuwona uTesla noGM kuphela, kodwa nezinkampani ezifana neFord, Nissan, Rivian neVolkswagen zizohlomula.
Ngo-2022, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi e-US kwakubuswe idlanzana lamamodeli, njenge-Tesla's Model S, Model Y kanye neModel 3, Chevrolet's Bolt kanye neFord's Mustang Mach-E. Ngo-2023 kuzobona amamodeli amasha engeziwe ephuma njengoba amafekthri amasha eqala ukusakazwa, futhi azothengeka kakhulu.
UMcKinsey ubikezela ukuthi abakhiqizi bezimoto bendabuko kanye neziqalo ze-EV zizokhiqiza amamodeli amasha angama-400 ngo-2023.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kusekelwe ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yenqwaba eshajayo, i-US imemezele ukuthi izohlela isabelomali esiyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-7.5 ngonyaka wezi-2022 ukuze kwakhiwe iziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi ezingama-500,000. Inhlangano engenzi nzuzo i-ICCT ilinganisela ukuthi ngo-2030, isidingo sesiteshi sokushaja somphakathi e-United States sizodlula isigidi esingu-1.
Imakethe yezimoto zikagesi ekhulayo
Imakethe yezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa imoto yeHybrid Electric (HEV), iPlug-in Hybrid Electric car (PHEV) kanye neBattery Electric car (BEV), iyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka endaweni enzima yobhubhane lwe-COVID-19.
Ngokocwaningo lukaMcKinsey (Fischer et al., 2021), naphezu kokwehla kokudayiswa kwezimoto emhlabeni wonke, unyaka ka-2020 bekuwunyaka omkhulu wokuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi, kwathi ngekota yesithathu yalowo nyaka, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke kwadlula. izinga langaphambi kwe-COVID-19.
Ikakhulukazi, ukuthengiswa e-Europe nase-China kunyuke ngo-60% no-80% ngokulandelanayo kwikota yesine ngaphezu kwekota edlule, okuqhubekisela phambili izinga lokungena kwezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke lafinyelela kurekhodi eliphezulu elingu-6%. Ngenkathi i-US isalele ngemuva kwezinye izifunda ezimbili, ukuthengiswa kwe-EV kukhule cishe ngamaphesenti angama-200 phakathi kwe-Q2 2020 ne-Q2 2021, okubambe iqhaza ekufinyeleleni izinga lokungena lasekhaya lika-3.6% phakathi nobhubhane (bona uMdwebo 1).

Umfanekiso 1 - Umthombo: Ucwaningo lukaMcKinsey (Fischer et al., 2021)
Kodwa-ke, ukubhekisisa ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo yokubhaliswa kwe-EV kulo lonke elase-US kuveza ukuthi ukukhula kokutholwa kwe-EV akwenzekanga ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izifunda; ihlobene eduze nokuminyana kwabantu kanye nokusabalala kwezindawo zamadolobha amakhulu futhi iyahlukahluka ngokwezifundazwe, kanti ezinye izifundazwe zinezibalo eziphezulu zokubhaliswa kwe-EV namazinga okutholwa (Umfanekiso 2).

Omunye ongaphandle usasele eCalifornia. Ngokusho kwe-US Department of Energy's Alternative Fuels Data Center, ukubhaliswa kwezimoto zikagesi ezilula zase-California kukhuphuke kwafinyelela ku-425,300 ngo-2020, okumelela cishe u-42% wokubhaliswa kwezimoto zikagesi zezwe. Lokho kuphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesikhombisa izinga lokubhalisa eFlorida, enenombolo yesibili ephezulu yezimoto zikagesi ezibhalisiwe.
Amakamu amabili emakethe yesiteshi sokushaja sase-US
Ngaphandle kweChina ne-Europe, i-United States iyimakethe yesithathu enkulu kunazo zonke yokushaja izimoto emhlabeni. Ngokwezibalo ze-IEA, kusukela ngo-2021, kunezimoto zamandla ezintsha eziyizigidi ezi-2 e-US, ishaja yezimoto zomphakathi eziyi-114,000 (iziteshi zokushaja ezingama-36,000), kanye nenani lenqwaba yezimoto zomphakathi elingu-17:1, nokushaja kwe-AC okunensayo okubalelwa ku-81. %, ngaphansi kancane kunemakethe yaseYurophu.
Ishaja yase-US ihlukaniswe ngohlobo lokushaja okunensa kwe-AC (okuhlanganisa i-L1 - ukushaja ihora elingu-1 ukushayela amamayela angu-2-5 kanye ne-L2 - ukushaja ihora elingu-1 ukushayela amamayela angu-10-20), kanye nokushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC (ukushaja ihora elingu-1 ukushayela amamayela angu-60 noma ngaphezulu). Njengamanje, i-AC yokushaja kancane i-L2 yenza ama-80%, kanti i-opharetha enkulu i-ChargePoint inikela ngo-51.5% wesabelo semakethe, kuyilapho i-DC eshaja ngokushesha i-akhawunti engu-19%, eholwa nguTesla ngesabelo semakethe esingu-58%.

Umthombo: I-Hua 'an Securities
Ngokombiko weGrand View Research, usayizi wemakethe yengqalasizinda eshaja izimoto zikagesi wase-US wawungu-$2.85 billion ngo-2021 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiwe (CAGR) sika-36.9% kusukela ngo-2022 kuya ku-2030.
Okulandelayo yizinkampani ezinkulu ezishaja izimoto zikagesi zase-US.
Tesla
Umkhiqizi wezimoto zikagesi uTesla ungumnikazi futhi usebenzisa inethiwekhi yawo yamaSupercharger. Le nkampani ineziteshi zokushaja ezingu-1,604 kanye namashaja amakhulu angu-14,081 emhlabeni wonke, atholakala ezindaweni zomphakathi nasezindaweni ezithengisa eTesla. Ubulungu abudingeki, kodwa bukhawulelwe ezimotweni zeTesla ezifakwe izixhumi zokuphathelene. I-Tesla ingasebenzisa amashaja e-SAE ngama-adaptha.
Izindleko ziyahlukahluka ngendawo nezinye izici, kodwa ngokuvamile zingu-$0.28 nge-kWh ngayinye. Uma izindleko zisekelwe esikhathini esichithiwe, zingamasenti angu-13 ngomzuzu ngaphansi kuka-60 kWh no-26 cents ngomzuzu ngaphezu kuka-60 kWh.
Inethiwekhi yokushaja ye-Tesla ngokuvamile iqukethe ama-supercharger angaphezu kuka-20,000 (amashaja asheshayo). Ngenkathi amanye amanethiwekhi okushaja enengxube Yezinga 1 (ngaphezu kwamahora angu-8 ukuya ekushajweni okugcwele), Izinga 2 (ngaphezu kwamahora angu-4 ukushaja okugcwele) kanye namashaja asheshayo eLeveli 3 (cishe ihora eli-1 ukuze ashaje ngokugcwele), ingqalasizinda ye-Tesla yakhelwe ukuvumela abanikazi. ukuze ungene emgwaqeni ngokushesha ngeshaji elifushane.
Zonke iziteshi ze-Supercharger ziboniswa kumephu esebenzisanayo ohlelweni lokuzulazula olusebhodini lukaTesla. Abasebenzisi bangabona iziteshi endleleni, kanye nesivinini sokushaja nokutholakala kwazo. Inethiwekhi ye-Supercharger ivumela abanikazi be-Tesla ukuthi bathole ulwazi olungcono kakhulu lokuhamba ngaphandle kokuthembela eziteshini zokushaja zezinkampani zangaphandle.
Ukucwayiza
Inethiwekhi ye-Blink iphethwe yi-Car Charging Group, Inc, esebenzisa amashaja omphakathi angu-3,275 Level 2 kanye naweLeveli 3 e-United States. Imodeli yesevisi ukuthi awudingi ukuba yilungu ukuze usebenzise ishaja ye-Blink, kodwa ungakwazi ukonga imali uma ujoyina.
Izindleko eziyisisekelo zokushaja Kwezinga 2 zingu-$0.39 ukuya ku-$0.79 nge-KWH, noma u-$0.04 ukuya ku-$0.06 ngomzuzu. Ukushaja okusheshayo kweleveli 3 kubiza u-$0.49 kuya ku-$0.69 nge-KWH, noma u-$6.99 kuya ku-$9.99 ngenkokhiso ngayinye.
I-ChargePoint
Isekelwe e-California, i-ChargePoint iyinethiwekhi yokushaja enkulu kunazo zonke e-US enamaphoyinti okushaja angaphezu kuka-68,000, angu-1,500 awo angamadivayisi okushaja akuLeveli 3 DC. Amaphesenti amancane kuphela eziteshi zokushaja ze-ChargePoint ezingamashaja asheshayo eLeveli 3 DC.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi iziteshi eziningi zokushaja zenzelwe ukushaja kancane phakathi nosuku lokusebenza ezindaweni zentengiso kusetshenziswa amashaja eLeveli I kanye naweLeveli II. Leli yisu eliphelele lokukhulisa ukunethezeka kwamakhasimende ekuhambeni kwe-EV, kodwa inethiwekhi yabo inezinkinga ezinkulu zokuhamba phakathi kwezifunda kanye nebanga elide, okwenza kungenzeki ukuthi abanikazi be-EV bazoncika ngokuphelele ku-ChargePoint.
Electrify America
I-Electrify America, ephethwe ngumkhiqizi wezimoto iVolkswagen, ihlela ukufaka iziteshi ezishaja ngokushesha ezingama-480 ezindaweni zasemadolobheni angu-17 ezifundazweni ezingu-42 ekupheleni konyaka, isiteshi ngasinye sitholakala endaweni eqhele ngamamayela angaphezu kuka-70 ukusuka kwesinye. Ubulungu abudingeki, kodwa izaphulelo ziyatholakala ukuze ujoyine uhlelo lwenkampani lwePass+. Izindleko zokushaja zibalwa ngomzuzu ngamunye, kuye ngendawo kanye nezinga eliphezulu leleveli yamandla eyamukelekayo yemoto.
Isibonelo, e-California, izindleko eziyisisekelo zingu-$0.99 ngomzuzu kumthamo we-350 kW, u-$0.69 ngo-125 kW, u-$0.25 ngo-75 kW, kanye no-$1.00 ngenkokhiso ngayinye. Imali yanyanga zonke yohlelo lwePass+ ngu-$4.00, kanye no-$0.70 ngomzuzu ngo-350 kW, u-$0.50 ngomzuzu ngo-125 kW, kanye no-$0.18 ngomzuzu ngo-75 kW.
EVgo
I-EVgo, ezinze e-Tennessee futhi igcina amashaja asheshayo e-DC angaphezu kwe-1,200 ezifundazweni ezingu-34. Izilinganiso zokushaja okusheshayo ziyahlukahluka ngendawo. Isibonelo, endaweni yase-Los Angeles e-California , kubiza u-$0.27 ngeminithi kwabangewona amalungu kanye no-$0.23 ngeminithi kumalungu. Ukubhalisa kudinga inkokhelo yanyanga zonke engu-$7.99, kodwa kuhlanganisa nemizuzu engama-34 yokushaja okusheshayo. Noma iyiphi indlela, i-Level 2 ikhokhisa u-$1.50 ngehora. Futhi qaphela ukuthi i-EVgo inesivumelwano neTesla sokuthi iziteshi zokushaja ezisheshayo ze-EVgo zitholakale kubanikazi be-Tesla.
I-Volta
I-Volta, inkampani ezinze e-San Francisco esebenzisa iziteshi zokushaja ezingaphezu kuka-700 ezifundazweni ezingu-10, okugqamayo ukuthi ukushaja imishini yakwaVolta kumahhala futhi abukho ubulungu obudingekayo. AbakwaVolta baxhase ngezimali ukufakwa kwamayunithi okushaja akuLevel 2 eduze kwezitolo ezifana ne-Whole Foods, i-Macy's ne-Saks. Ngenkathi inkampani ikhokhela isikweletu sikagesi, yenza imali ngokuthengisa izikhangiso ezixhasiwe ezikhonjiswe kuma-monitor afakwe kumayunithi okushaja. Umphumela omkhulu weVolta wukuntuleka kwengqalasizinda yokushaja ngokushesha kweLeveli 3.