Kungani Ukushaja Kwasekhaya Kuyi-Ultimate EV Convenience?
Ukuba nemoto kagesi (EV) kusho ukuthi wamukela indlela eluhlaza, esebenza kahle kakhulu yokuhamba. Kodwa enhliziyweni yalokho kulula yikhono lokunika imoto yakho amandla khona kanye ekhaya, noma nini lapho udinga. Cabanga nje uvuka ekuseni njalo uye ku-EV egcwele ngokugcwele, elungele usuku lwakho, ngaphandle kokuphambukela eziteshini zokushaja zomphakathi noma ukulinda emigqeni. Lokhu lula kokugcina yingakho abanikazi be-EV abaningi bekhetha ukufaka i-Ishaja ye-EV yasekhaya.
Nokho, lapho uqala ukucabanga ngokusetha i-aisiteshi sokushaja sasekhaya, omunye wemibuzo evame kakhulu ovelayo uthi: "Ingakanani i-aIzindleko zokufakwa kweshaja ye-EV ekhaya?" Lokhu kungase kubonakale njengombuzo olula, kodwa impendulo iyahlukahluka kancane kuye ngezinto ezimbalwa. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukukunikeza umhlahlandlela obanzi, osobala osuselwe kudatha yakamuva (kusukela ekuqaleni kwemibiko yemboni yango-2025). Sizokusiza uqonde ngokucacile zonke izindleko ezingaba khona, ukuze wenze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile futhi ujabulele ungakhathazekiukushaja imoto kagesiekhaya. Sizongena sijule kulokho okuthinta izindleko, sikusize ugweme izinkokhelo ezifihliwe, futhi sikubonise izindlela zokonga imali.
Ukuqonda Izindleko Zokufaka Ishaja Yekhaya Lakho EV
Ibanga "elijwayelekile" lezindleko zokufakwa kweleveli 2
KwabaningiIshaja ye-EV yasekhayaukufakwa eNyakatho Melika, sikhuluma aIshaja yezinga lesi-2. Lawa mashaja asebenzisa amandla angu-240-volt (V), ashesha kakhulu kune-outlet yasekhaya evamile (120V). Ngokusekelwe emibikweni yezimboni kanye nezingcaphuno zikagesi zasekuqaleni kuka-2025, iizindleko zokufakwa kweshaja(akubandakanyi iyunithi yeshaja ngokwayo) yeIshaja yezinga lesi-2ngokuvamile isukela$400 kuya ku-$1,800 USD.
Kodwa-ke, lobu bubanzi bungakhuphuka kakhulu ngokusetha okuyinkimbinkimbi, nokufakwa okuthile okubandakanyeka kakhulu kuze kufike$2,500 USD noma ngaphezulu. Ukuqonda ukuthi yini eqhuba lezi zinombolo kuyisihluthulelo sokuphatha ibhajethi yakho ngempumelelo.
Ukubheka Ngokushesha Izinto Eziyinhloko Ezithinta Izindleko Zakho
Ngaphambi kokuthi singene ku-nitty-gritty, nazi izinto ezivame kakhulu ezikhuphula izindleko:
Uhlobo lweIshaja yezinga lesi-2ukhetha (iyunithi ngokwayo)
Izimali zomsebenzi womuntu osebenza ngogesi
Ukuthi ikhaya lakho lidinga iukuthuthukiswa kwephaneli kagesi
Ibanga nobunkimbinkimbi bezintambo
Uhulumeni wasekhayaizimvumekanye nezimali zokuhlola
Ukwephula uMthethosivivinywa Wakho Wokufaka: Okukhokhelayo
Ukukunikeza isithombe esicacile sakhoIzindleko zokufakwa kweshaja ye-EV ekhaya, ake sihlukanise ingxenye ngayinye yezindleko eziphelele.
1. Iyunithi Yeshaja ye-EV ngokwayo
Lezi izindleko eziqondile kakhulu ozoba nazo.
Ishaja yeleveli 1:Lokhu kuvame ukubiza$0 kuya ku-$200 USD. Ama-EV amaningi afika neshaja ephathekayo yeLeveli 1 exhuma khona kanye ku-120V evamile yokuphumayo. Yizona ezihamba kancane ukushaja.
Ishaja yeleveli 2:Lokhu ukukhetha okudume kakhulu kokufakwa kwekhaya. Amanani abo asukela ku$300 ukuze $800 USD.
Ibhrendi namandla okukhiphayo:Imikhiqizo eyaziwa kakhulu namashaja anamandla aphezulu (njengama-amps angu-48) ngokuvamile abiza ngaphezulu.
Izici Zeshaja Ehlakaniphile: A ishaja ehlakaniphileenezici ezifana noxhumo lwe-Wi-Fi, ukulawula uhlelo lokusebenza, noma amashejuli wokushaja ngokuvamile azoba nethegi yentengo ephezulu, kodwa anikeza ukunethezeka okuhle kanye nemininingwane yedatha.
2. Izindleko Zomsebenzi Wochwepheshe Kagesi
Lena enye yezindleko ezinkulu eziguquguqukayo kusevisi yokufaka.
Izilinganiso zehora:ENyakatho Melika,osebenza ngogesi oqeqeshiweamanani ngokuvamile awela phakathi$75 futhi $150 USD ngehora, kuye ngesifunda kanye nolwazi lomuntu osebenza ngogesi.
Amahora Aphelele:Ukufaka okulula kungathatha amahora angu-2-4 kuphela, kuyilapho okuyinkimbinkimbi kungathatha amahora angu-8 noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuthinta ngqo eyakhoizindleko zikagesi.
Kungani Unguchwepheshe Kagesi?Ukufakwa kweshaja ye-EV yasekhayakuhilela umsebenzi kagesi onamandla amakhulu. Kumele kwenziwe osebenza ngogesi onelayisensi ukuhlanganaizindinganiso zokuphephakanye namakhodi okwakha endawo. Lokhu kuvikela impahla yakho, kukugcina uphephile, futhi kuyadingeka kumawaranti nomshuwalense.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwephaneli Kagesi
Lokhu kungaba ingxenye ebiza kakhulu, kodwa akuwona wonke amakhaya ayidingayo.
Kudingeka nini ukuthuthukisa? A Ishaja yezinga lesi-2ngokuvamile idinga 240V, 40 ukuze 60-ampisifunda esizinikezele. Uma ekhonaamandla panel kagesiayanele, noma uma ingenaso isikhala esanele se-breaker circuit entsha, uzodinga ukuthuthukiswa. Amakhaya amadala (njengalawo akhiwa ngaphambi kuka-1990) maningi amathuba okuthi abhekane nalolu daba.
Izinhlobo Zokuthuthukiswa Nezindleko:Kanjani ukutshela?Uma osebenza ngogesi evakashela ukuhlola, lena enye yezinto zokuqala abazozihlola. Bazohlola umthamo wakho we-breaker main kanye nesikhala esitholakalayo ngaphakathi kwephaneli.
Isengezo esilula se-breaker:Uma iphaneli yakho inesikhala, lokhu kungase kubize kuphela amakhulu ambalwa amadola.
Ukuthuthukiswa Okuyingxenye noma Iphaneli Engaphansi:$500 kuya ku-$1,500 USD, yengeza izifunda ezengeziwe.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwephaneli Eyinhloko (100A kuya ku-200A noma ngaphezulu):Lena inketho ebiza kakhulu, ngokuvamile kusukela$1,500 kuya ku-$4,000 USDnoma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukufaka esikhundleni sephaneli yonke, ukuhlanganisa kabusha izintambo, nokuthuthukiswa kwesevisi.
4. Izindleko zezintambo kanye nezezinto ezibonakalayo
Lezi zindleko zincike ebangeni eliphakathi kweshaja nephaneli yakho kagesi, kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bokufaka.
Ibanga lezintambo:Ngokuqhubekayo ishaja yakho isuka kweyakhoiphaneli kagesi, ucingo oluningi ludingeka, ukushayela phezuluizindleko zezintambo.
Uhlobo Lwezintambo:Amashaja ezinga lesi-2zidinga izintambo zethusi eziwugqinsi, ezingabiza.
Ipayipi nokuvikela:Uma izintambo ziphumela ngaphandle noma zidinga ukudlula ezindongeni noma ngaphansi, kungase kudinge ipayipi elivikelayo, elengeza ezindlekweni.
Izitolo namabhuleki:Izitolo ezikhethekile (njenge-NEMA 14-50) kanye ne-double pole circuit breaker kubalulekile.
5. Izimvume Nokuhlolwa
Lezi yizindleko ezibalulekile zokuthobela umthetho nokuphepha.
Kungani zidingeka?Ezindaweni eziningi, ukufakwa okubandakanya umsebenzi omkhulu kagesi kudinga aimvumekuhulumeni wasekhaya. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kuhlangabezana namakhodi wokwakha wendawo futhiizindinganiso zokuphepha.
Izimali Ezijwayelekile:Lezi zingasukela ku$50 ukuze $300 USD, kuye ngedolobha lakho noma isifunda.
Izingozi Zokweqa Izimvume:Uma ungayitholi iimvume, ungase ubhekane nenhlawulo, umshwalense womninikhaya ungase ungakhavi umonakalo ovela ekufakweni okungavunyelwe, futhi ungase ube nenkinga yokuthengisa ikhaya lakho kamuva.
Abathonya Bezindleko Zokuzulazula: Yini Eyenza Inkokhelo Yakho Yehle Noma Yehle?
Ukuqonda lezi zici kuzokusiza ukuthi ulinganisele izindleko zangempela zokusetha okuhlukile kwekhaya lakho.
Uhlobo Lweshaja: Ileveli 1 vs. Ileveli 2
Ileveli 1 (120V):Cishe azikho izindleko zokufaka, njengoba zisebenzisa i-outlet evamile. Kodwa ukushaja kuhamba kancane (2-5 miles of range ngehora).
Ileveli 2 (240V):Idinga ukufakwa okuphrofeshinali futhi ibiza kakhulu kusengaphambili, kodwa ishaja ngokushesha kakhulu (amamayela angu-20-60 ububanzi ngehora), okwenza kube ukukhetha okunconyiweukushaja kwe-EV yasekhaya.
Ukusetha Ugesi Kwekhaya Lakho
Amandla ephaneli kagesi:Lesi yisici esibaluleke kakhulu. Uma iphaneli yakho kagesi isivele igcwele noma inamandla anganele (isb, iphaneli endala engu-100A), beseukuthuthukiswa kwephaneli kagesikuzoba umshayeli wezindleko ezinkulu.
Isikhala se-Spare Breaker:Ukuba nezikhala ezitholakalayo kuphaneli yakho yebreaker entsha kuthinta ngokuqondile umthwalo womsebenzi womuntu osebenza ngogesi kanye nezindleko.
Ukufaka Inkimbinkimbi
Ibanga:Ngokuqhubekayo iizindleko zokufakwa kweshajakusuka kwakhoiphaneli kagesi, iphezulu iizindleko zezintambo.
Indlela:Ingabe izintambo zidinga ukudlula ezindongeni eziyinkimbinkimbi (i-drywall, isitini, ukhonkolo), osilingi, phansi, noma phansi ngaphandle (okungase kudinge ukugxunywa)?
Ngaphakathi vs. Ngaphandle:Ukufakwa kwangaphandle kuvame ukudinga izintambo eziqinile nezibiyelo ezingenamanzi, ezingakhuphula kancane izindleko.
Indawo Yendawo Nezilinganiso Zasendaweni
Amanani abasebenzi abasebenza ngogesi ahluka kakhulu ngokwesifunda. Ezindaweni ezinezindleko eziphakeme zokuphila,izindleko zikagesingokuvamile izoba phezulu.
Isipiliyoni Neziqu Zosebenza Ngogesi
Ukuqasha umuntu onesipiliyoni, onedumela elihleosebenza ngogesi oqeqeshiweingase ibe nekhotheshini ephezulu kancane, kodwa iqinisekisa ukufakwa okuphephile, okuphumelelayo, nokuthobelayo, ukuvimbela izinkinga eziningi kanye nezindleko ezingaba khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinhlelo Zesaphulelo Zenkampani Yezinsiza
Isisetshenziswa sakho sikagesi sasendaweni singakunikeza okuthileizaphulelonoma eshibhileIsikhathi Sokusetshenziswa (TOU)izinhlelo ezikhuthaza ukushaja ngamahora okungasebenzi. Njalo hlola nenkampani yakho yezinsiza ngaphambi kokufaka.
Thola Izingcaphuno Eziningi
Njalo thola izingcaphuno zokufaka ezinemininingwane okungenani kokuthathuosebenza ngogesi oqeqeshiwes. Qinisekisa ukuthi izingcaphuno zihlanganisa zonke izimali (abasebenzi, izinto zokwakha,izimvume).
Lungiselela Indawo Yokufaka
Uma kungenzeka, khetha indawo yokufaka eseduze neyakhoiphaneli kagesingangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kuzonciphisa kakhuluizindleko zezintambonamahora okusebenza.
I-DIY vs. Ukufakwa Kochwepheshe: Izindleko Zokukala, Izingozi, Nokuthula Engqondweni
I-DIY yezinga 1: Izindleko Ezilula Neziphansi
A Ishaja yezinga 1ngokuvamile ivele ixhume endaweni evamile engu-120V futhi ayidingi ukufakwa okwengeziwe. Lena inketho elula, kodwa futhi iyindlela yokushaja ehamba kancane.
I-DIY yezinga lesi-2: Isiphakamiso Esiyingozi
Akunconywa kakhuluukuze abantu ngabanye bafake aIshaja yezinga lesi-2ngokwabo. Nasi isizathu:
Izingozi Zokuphepha:Ugesi ongu-240V uyingozi, futhi izintambo ezingafanele zingaholela emlilweni noma ugesi.
Ukungavunyelwa Kwesiqinisekiso:Ukufaka okungezona uchwepheshe kungenza ize iwaranti yomkhiqizi weshaja yakho.
UkungathobeliUkufakwa okungagunyaziwe nokungahloliwe kungase kungahlangabezani namakhodi okwakha endawo, okuholela ezinkingeni zezomthetho zesikhathi esizayo kanye nobunzima bokuthengisa ikhaya lakho.
Inani Elingephikwe Lokufakwa Kochwepheshe
Ukuqasha aosebenza ngogesi oqeqeshiweiqinisekisa ukubambelelaizindinganiso zokuphepha, ukuthobela, futhi inikeza ukuthula kwengqondo. Nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangaphambili kungase kubonakale kuphakeme, uma kucatshangelwa ukulungiswa okungase kube khona, ubungozi bokuphepha, nezindaba zomshwalense, ukufakwa kochwepheshe kuyisinqumo esihlakaniphile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
| Isici | Ukufakwa kwe-DIY Level 1 | Ukufakwa kwezinga lesi-2 lochwepheshe |
|---|---|---|
| Izindleko | Phansi Kakhulu ($0 - $200 ngeshaja) | Kumaphakathi ukuya Phezulu ($700 - $4,000+ isiyonke) |
| Ukuphepha | Ngokuvamile ingozi ephansi (isitolo esivamile) | Ukuphepha okuphezulu kubalulekile |
| Ukuhambisana | Ngokuvamile ayikho imvume edingekayo | Idinga izimvume nokuhlolwa |
| Isivinini sokushaja | Kancane Kakhulu (2-5 amamayela/ihora) | Ngokushesha (20-60 miles/hora) |
| Iwaranti | Ayithinteki | Iqinisekisa ukuthi iwaranti ihlala isebenza |
Indlela Yakho Engenamthungo eya Ekhaya EV Ukushaja
Ukufaka iIshaja ye-EV yasekhayaiwukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlakaniphile okuletha ukunethezeka okungenakuqhathaniswa endleleni yakho yokuphila yemoto kagesi. Ngenkathi iIzindleko zokufakwa kweshaja ye-EV ekhayakuhilela okuguquguqukayo okuningana, ngokuqonda izindleko, ukusizakala okutholakalayoIzibonelelo zokushaja ze-EV, futhi njalo ukukhetha aosebenza ngogesi oqeqeshiweukufakwa okuphrofeshinali, ungaqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inqubo iphephile, iyasebenza, futhi ikufanelekela ukutshalwa kwezimali.
Yamukela ikusasa leukushaja imoto kagesifuthi ujabulele kalula ukufaka amandla khona kanye ekhaya lakho!
FAQ
1. Kubiza malini ukufaka ishaja yodonga lwe-EV?
Iizindleko zokufaka ishaja yodonga lwe-EV(ngokuvamile aIshaja yezinga lesi-2) kuyahlukahluka kuye ngezinto ezimbalwa. Ngokuvamile, izindleko zokufakela ezichwepheshile, ngaphandle kweyunithi yeshaja ngokwayo, zisukela$400 kuya ku-$1,800 USD.
Lezi zindleko zihlanganisa:
Umsebenzi kagesi:Kusuka ku-$75-$150 ngehora, kuye ngobunkimbinkimbi bokufaka nokuhluka kwesifunda.
Izintambo kanye nezinto:Kuya ngebanga elisuka eshajani ukuya kuphaneli yakho kagesi eyinhloko, futhi uma ipayipi elisha noma aisifunda esizinikezeleiyadingeka.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwephaneli Kagesi:Uma ekhonaamandla panel kagesiakwanele, ukuthuthukiswa kungase kwengezwe$1,500 kuya ku-$4,000 USD noma ngaphezulukuzo zonke izindleko.
Izimvume Nokuhlolwa: $50 ukuze $300 USD, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kuhambisana nemithetho yendawo.
Izindleko eziphelele zeshaja yodonga Yezinga 2 (kuhlanganise neyunithi) ngokuvamile zisuka ku-$700 ziye ku-$2,500+, ngamakesi ayinkimbinkimbi angaphezu kwalokho.
2. Ingabe kufanelekile ukufaka ishaja ye-EV ekhaya?
Nakanjani! Ukufaka ishaja ye-EV ekhaya kungenye yezimali ezihlakaniphe kakhulu umnikazi we-EV angazenza.
Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zifaka:
Ukufaneleka Okungafani:Vuka uthole imoto egcwele ngokugcwele njalo ekuseni, akukho ukuphambukela eziteshini zokushaja zomphakathi.
Ukonga Izindleko: Ukushaja kwasekhayangokuvamile ishibhile kunokushaja okusesidlangalaleni (ikakhulukazi ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC), ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa amanani kagesi angekho phezulu.
Ukonga Isikhathi:Gwema ubunzima bokuthola, ukulinda kulayini, nokuxhuma kumashaja asesidlangalaleni.
Ubude bebhethri:Kuyavumelanaukushaja ekhaya(Ileveli 2) ithambile kubhethri lakho, elingasiza ukunweba impilo yalo yonke.
Inani Lempahla Enyusiwe:Njengoba ama-EVs evame kakhulu, aisiteshi sokushaja sasekhayaisiba isici esikhangayo sezakhiwo.
I-Leverage Incentives:Ungase ufaneleke ukuba yi-federalizikweletu zentelanoma izwe/lendawoizaphulelo, okunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokufaka zokuqala.
3. Ibiza malini ukushaja i-EV yasekhaya?
Iizindleko zokushaja i-EV yasekhayangokuyinhloko kuncike emazingeni akho kagesi nokuthi ushayela kangakanani. Ngokwesilinganiso, izindleko zikagesi zeukushaja kwe-EV yasekhayae-US imayelana$0.03 kuya ku-$0.06 ngemayela, noma cishe$30 kuya ku-$60 USD ngenyanga(ngokusekelwe kumamayela ayi-12,000 aqhutshwa minyaka yonke kanye nezintengo zikagesi ezimaphakathi).
Uma kuqhathaniswa:
Ukushaja Kwasekhaya:Izilinganiso zikagesi ezimaphakathi ngokuvamile zisuka ku-$0.15 ziye ku-$0.25 nge-kilowatt-hora (kWh).
Ukushaja Kwezinga 2 Lomphakathi:Ngokuvamile u-$0.25 kuya ku-$0.50 kWh ngayinye.
Ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC yomphakathi:$0.30 kuya ku-$0.60+ kWh ngayinye, noma ukhokhiswe ngomzuzu.
Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zesilinganiso sikagesi esisezingeni eliphezulu elinikezwa inkampani yakho yosizo kungase kunciphise nakakhuluukushaja ekhayaizindleko, okwenza kube indlela eyonga kakhulu yokukhokhisa.
4. Ziyini izindleko zokusetha ukushaja kwe-EV?
Isambaizindleko zokusetha ukushaja kwe-EVihlanganisa kokubili iyunithi yeshaja ngokwayo kanye nezindleko zokuyifaka.
Iyunithi Yeshaja:
Ileveli 1 (120V):Ngokuvamile kufakwe nemoto, noma kubiza u-$0-$200 USD.
Ishaja Yodonga Yezinga 2 (240V):$300-$800 USD.
Izimali Zokufaka:Lena ingxenye eguquguqukayo eyinhloko, ngokuvamile esukela ku-$400 kuya ku-$1,800 USD. Lobu bubanzi buncike kokuthi:
Umsebenzi kagesi:Isilinganiso esingu-$75-$150 ngehora.
I-Wiring Complexity:Ibanga, ukungena odongeni, noma ngabe i-trenching iyadingeka.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwephaneli Kagesi: $1,500-$4,000+ USD(uma kudingeka).
Izimvume: $50-$300 USD.
Ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuthengeni ishaja ukuya ekuyifakeni ngokugcwele nokuyilungiselela ukuyisebenzisa, izindleko eziphelele zokusetha ukushaja kwe-EV ekhaya ngokuvamile zisuka ku-$700 ziye ku-$2,500+ USD.
5. Kubiza malini ukufaka i-outlet engu-240V yemoto kagesi?
Ukufaka i-outlet engu-240V ezinikele (njenge-NEMA 14-50) yemoto kagesi ngokuvamile kubiza phakathi kuka-$500 no-$1,200 USD.Le mali ihlanganisa umsebenzi, izinto zokwakha, kanye nesidingoizimvume.
Izinto ezithinta izindleko zifaka:
Ibanga ukusuka ku-Electrical Panel:Uma iqhubeka ibanga, iyandaizindleko zezintambokanye nokusebenza.
Amandla ephaneli kagesi:Uma iphaneli yakho ekhona ingenawo umthamo owanele noma indawo eyisipele, ungase udinge esengeziweukuthuthukiswa kwephaneli kagesi, okungase kwenyuse kakhulu inani lezindleko (njengoba kushiwo embuzweni 1).
Ubunkimbinkimbi bokufaka:Ukuthi izintambo zidinga ukudlula ezindongeni eziyinkimbinkimbi noma izithiyo, futhi uma kuwukufakwa kwangaphakathi noma ngaphandle.
Njalo qiniseka ukuthi uqasha aosebenza ngogesi oqeqeshiwekulo msebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuhambisana nawo wonke amakhodi kagesi.
Imithombo
Umnyango Wezamandla wase-US (DOE): Isikhungo Sedatha Yezinye Zezibaseli (AFDC) - Umthombo ogunyaziwe wezinxephezelo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni.
Imibiko Yemboni (isb, Electrify America, EVgo, ChargePoint): O-opharetha benethiwekhi abaholayo nabakhiqizi bezinto zokusebenza bavame ukushicilela imibiko yemboni kanye nokuhlaziywa kwethrendi yemakethe, okuhlanganisa izilinganiso zezindleko zokufakwa (ububanzi bentengo kulesi sihloko busekelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwemibiko etholakala esidlangalaleni kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2025).
Isakhiwo Sendawo & Amakhodi Kagesi: Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni wendawo (isb., California Building Code, NYC Electrical Code) ahlinzeka ngolwazi olunemininingwane mayelana nezimfuneko zemvume nokufaka.
Amapulatifomu Ezinsiza Zasekhaya (isb., Angi, Umeluleki Wasekhaya): Lezi zingxenyekazi zihlanganisa idatha yezindleko ezibalulekile zamasevisi ochwepheshe, okuhlanganisa abasebenza ngogesi, abanikeza imininingwane ngama-avareji emboni.
Isikhungo Solwazi Lomshwalense: Ihlinzeka ngolwazi olujwayelekile oluhlobene nokuphepha kukagesi wasekhaya kanye nokufakwa komshwalense.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-22-2025